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Turabian
Citation and Format Style Guide
This guide
introduces the Turabian format and provides examples of citation styles you
might use in research papers. Additional examples and explanations may be found
in Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations,
Sixth Edition, revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett (LB2369 T8 1996),
available in the circulating stacks and at the reference desk. Turabian's lengthy
and legendary career as a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago
provided her the opportunity to publish several editions of the Manual, each
one prompted by a revision of The Chicago Manual of Style. This sixth
edition of Turabian conforms to the fourteenth edition of The Chicago
Manual of Style. (Ref 808 CHI 1967).
CONTENTS:
Which subject areas use the
Turabian standard?
What is the basic format of
the academic paper?
Use of Footnotes and Endnotes
explained
Citations in all formats
I.
BOOKS
II.
PERIODICALS
III.
REFERENCE WORKS: ENCYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY, AND ATLAS ENTRIES
IV. GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENTS AND TECHNICAL REPORTS
V.
SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS IN NOTES
VI.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
VII.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
VIII. SAMPLE
COVER PAGE
Which
subject areas use the Turabian standard?
Turabian may
be used in any class or course of study, including the humanities, social sciences,
and natural sciences. Many people use Turabian as a catchall, for instance,
when they do not know which style format their professor prefers.
It is always
best to find out from your teacher which style he or she prefers. If this is
not possible, at least be consistent in choosing one style of presenting bibliographic
information and using it throughout your paper.
What
is the basic format of the academic paper?
The academic
paper generally consists of three parts: (1) the front matter (title page, copyright
page, dedication and/or epigraph, table of contents, lists of illustrations
or tables, acknowledgments, abstract, etc.); (2) the text; and (3) the back
or reference matter (appendixes, endnotes, bibliography).
The text of
the research paper should be double-spaced, with the exception of indented block
quotes, which can be single-spaced. Bibliographies, footnotes, and itemized
lists should be single-spaced.
All pages
"count" in a numbering system, although some pages, like the title page or dedication
page, may not actually have numbers printed on them. Pages considered front
matter should be numbered with consecutive lower case roman numerals in the
bottom center. The rest should be numbered with Arabic numerals. Number the
first page of text, and other pages with titles, in the bottom center, and number
all other pages (including the back matter) in the top center or upper right
comer.
Turabian's
Manual spells out rules and conventions for chapter headings and subheadings,
abbreviations, the use of numbers in text, alphabetizing non-English names,
designations of tables, and the like, and there is simply no substitute for
consulting the Manual directly for advice on these issues.
Finally, recognizing
that this manual may be used in any discipline, Turabian offers advice
on different systems of citation style. It recommends the parenthetical reference,
or author-date, style of citation with corresponding Reference List for papers
in the natural and social sciences (see chapter 10 of the Manual, and
a system using footnotes or endnotes (see chapter 8 of the Manual and
corresponding Bibliography (see chapter 9 of the Manual for most papers
in the humanities. (The two documentation styles are compared at chapter I 1.)
The style you choose should be consistent with your teacher's instructions.
Footnotes
and endnotes explained
Turabian explains
that the citation system using footnotes with a corresponding bibliography has
been favored in the humanities, but, with this edition, recognizes that many
disciplines are abandoning it in favor of the author-date system of documentation.
Notes have
four basic purposes: (1) to cite authority for statements made in the text;
(2) to make cross-references; (3) to amplify, qualify, or comment on material
in the text that would break up the flow the text if included there; and (4)
to make acknowledgments., The first two purposes define reference notes, the
last two, content notes.
Note numbers
should be placed in the text following the passage requiring it, in Arabic superscript
half space above the line). Numbers should be in numerical order beginning with
1. Corresponding footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page containing
the footnote reference, separated from the text by a separator, a short line
made by underscoring. Footnotes can begin with a superscript number regular
number on the same line as the text (preferred by Turabian). If a superscript
is used, there net be a space between it and the body of the note. If an on-line
numeral is used, a period and a space should follow it.
Turabian
advises that the bibliography might be more accurately called a Selected
Bibliography Works Cited, or Sources Consulted list. Usually, it is in the form
of a single, alphabetical list. It is single spaced with one blank line between
entries. The first line of each entry is flush left with subsequent lines indented
five spaces.
The first
author's family name comes before his or her given name in a bibliography; subsequent
authors' names are not inverted. When a bibliography contains several works
by the same author, subsequent entries replace the author's name with an eight-space
underscore followed by a period. Primacy of such entries may be determined alphabetically
or chronologically. Where a single author has several types of entries, they
go in this order: works written by the author as single author, works edited
by author (ed.), works translated by author (trans.), works compiled
by author (comp.), and then co-authored works by author.
The following
are examples given in the Footnote/Endnote (N) format, with its corresponding
Bibliography (B) entry. Examples are based on the sixth edition of A Manual
for Writers of Term Papers, Theses Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian, revised
by John Grossman and Alice Bennett.
Examples that
are italicized may be underlined by those using typewriters and computer systems
cannot italicize. When italics are used, adjacent punctuation (except parentheses
or brackets) must also be italicized.
N
= Footnote or Endnote entry
B
= Bibliographic list entry
| I.
BOOKS |
| By
a single author or editor: |
N
1. John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography (Chicago:
University
of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.
B Franklin,
John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago:
University
of Chicago Press, 1985.
|
| By
two or three authors or editors: |
N
2. Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture
(New York:
Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929), 67.
B Lynd,
Robert and Helen Lynd. Middletown: A Study in American Culture. New
York: Harcourt. Brace and World, 1929.
|
| By
more than three authors or editors: |
N
4. Kimberle Crenshaw and others, eds., Critical Race Theory: The Key
Writings
that Formed the Movement (New York: New Press, 1995), 50.
B Crenshaw,
Kimberle, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas, eds.
Critical
Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. New
York: New Press, 1995.
|
| No
author given: |
N 5.
The Lottery (London: J. Watts, [1732]),')0-25.
B The
Lottery. London: J. Watts, [1732].
Note:
The date enclosed in square brackets indicates that it was not found in
the book itself. If no date can be ascertained, the abbreviation "n.d."
standing for "no date," replaces the date.
|
| Editor
or compiler as "author": |
N 9.
Robert 1. Rotberg, ed., Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future
(Cambridge,
MA: The World Peace Foundation, 1998), 225.
B
Rotberg, Robert I., ed. Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future. Cambridge,
MA:
The World Peace Foundation, 1998.
|
| Author's
work contained in author's collected works: |
N 11.
The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. W. G.
T. Shedd,
vol. 1, Aids to Reflection (New York: Harper & Bros., 1884),18.
B Coleridge,
Samuel Taylor. The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor
Coleridge.
Edited by W. G. T. Shedd. Vol. 1, Aids to Reflection.
New York:
Harper & Bros., 1884.
Note:
An author's name may, but need not, be given first in a note if it is
contained in the title, as in the above "N" example. Even when
it is not given, the author's name must appear first in the bibliography
(see "B" example above). In the above example, it would be permissible
to give the editor’s name first in the note if the paper is about the
work of Shedd, rather than Coleridge.
|
| Separately
titled volume in a multi-volume work with a general title and editor(s):
|
N
12. Gordon N. Ray, ed., An Introduction to Literature, vol. 2, The
Nature
of drama, by Hubert Hefner (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 47-49.
B
Ray, Gordon N., ed. An Introduction to Literature. Vol. 2, The
Nature Of Drama,
by Hubert Hefner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.
|
| Separately
titled volume in a multi-volume work with a general title-and one author:
|
N 13.
Sewall Wright, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, vol. 4,
Variability
within and among Natural Populations (Chicago: University of
Chicago
Press, 1978), 67.
B Wright,
Sewall. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Vol. 4, Variability
within and among Natural Populations. Chicago: University of
Chicago
Press, 1978.
|
| Edition
other than first: |
N 16.
Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure in an Age of
Growing
Inequality, 5th ed (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1998), 89.
B Gilbert,
Dennis. The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing
Inequality,
5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1998.
|
| Essay
or chapter by one author in a work edited by another: |
N
24. M. E. Pereira, "Seasonal adjustment of growth rate and adult
body weight
in ringtailed lemurs," in Lemur Social Systems and Their
Ecological
Basis, ed. P. M. Kappeler and J. U. Ganzhom (New York:
Plenum
Press, 1993), 21 1.
B
Pereira, M. E. "Seasonal adjustment of growth rate and adult body weight
in ringtailed
lemurs." In Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological
Basis,
ed. P. M. Kappeler and J. U. Ganzhom, 205-2 1. New York:
Plenum
Press, 1993.
|
| II.
PERIODICALS |
| Magazine
article: |
N 40.
Leslie Kaufman and Anne Underwood, "Sign or Hit the Street:
Want a
Job? More and More Employers Require Workers to Agree not to
Take them
to Court," Newsweek, 30 June 1997,48.
B Kaufman,
Leslie and Anne Underwood. "Sign or Hit the Street: Want a Job?
More
and More Employers Require Workers to Agree not to Take
Them
to Court." Newsweek, 30 June 1997, 48-49.
|
|
Journal
article:
|
N 37.
Mariette van Tilburg, "Interviews of the Unspoken: Incompatible
Initiations
in Senegal Fieldwork," Anthropology and Humanism 23, no.2
(1998):
179.
B van
Tilburg, Mariette. "Interviews of the Unspoken: Incompatible Initiations
in Senegal
Fieldwork," Anthropology and Humanism 23, no.2 (1998):
177-189.
Note:
For family names containing particles (e.g., van, von, de la, Mc, Mac,
etc.) the preference of the bearer should control alphabetization. Names
are then alphabetized without regard to upper and lowercase and intervening
spaces. See 9.15 of the Manual.
Note:
The issue number in a journal is needed only if it is paginated separately,
rather than sequentially through the entire volume. When used, it should
be preceded by the abbreviation, "no." The month or season of publication
can be omitted if an issue number is given.
|
| Newspaper
article, no author given: |
If a
newspaper is cited only once or twice in a research paper, a note is sufficient
documentation; newspapers are rarely cited in a bibliography or reference
list.
N 43.
Irish Daily Independent (Dublin), 16 June 1904.
|
| Newspaper
article, author given: |
N 44.
Andre Camille, "Deciding Who Gets Dibs on Health-Care Dollars,"
Wall Street Journal, 27 March 1984, 30(W) and 34(E).
Note:
If a newspaper is cited repeatedly, covering a range of dates, group them
in a bibliography or reference list using only one entry. For example:
B
New York Times. 27 February - 16 June 1998
|
| Book
review in a journal: |
N 44.
Jan Hogendom, "Competing for Cotton," review of Two Worlds
of
Cotton: Colonialism and the Regional Economy in the French Soudan,
1800-1946, by Richard L. Roberts, Journal of African
History 39 (1998): 333.
B
Hogendorn, Jan. "Competing for Cotton," review of Two Worlds of Cotton:
Colonialism
and the Regional Economy in the French Soudan, 1800-1946,
by Richard L. Roberts. Journal of African History 39
(1998):
333-34.
Note:
A book review does not always carry its own title, and sometimes the name
of the reviewer is not mentioned. An entry might begin, therefore, "Review
of . . . " In that case, it is alphabetized in all lists under "Review"
N 45.
Paula Boxie, review of Dancing at the Louvre: Faith
Ringgold's
French Collection and Other Story Quilts, by
Dan Cameron and
others, The Western Journal of Black Studies 22 (Spring 1998):
72.
B
Boxie, Paula. Review of Dancing at the Louvre: Faith Ringgold's French
Collection
and Other Story Quilts, by Dan Cameron and others. The
Western Journal of Black Studies 22 (Spring 1998): 72.
|
|
III.
REFERENCE WORKS: ENCYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY, AND ATLAS ENTRIES
Encyclopedia,
dictionary, and atlas citations generally omit all facts of publication
except the edition and date. Turabian's 6th edition explains that well-known
reference books are generally not listed in bibliographies. Should you
wish to do so, simply adapt the note references below. References to an
alphabetically arranged work like a dictionary or encyclopedia use the
abbreviation "s.v.," standing for "sub verso" ("under the word"); there
is no need to use a page number.
|
| Signed
article: |
N 1.
Morris Jastrow, "Nebo," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.
|
| Unsigned
article: |
N 2.
Encyclopedia Americana, 1963 ed., s.v. "Sitting Bull."
|
| IV.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND TECHNICAL REPORTS |
| Government
document: |
N 50.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Annual Report: Marine Mammal Protection
Act
of 1972 (Washington, D.C., 1985), 15.
B U.S.
Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
Annual Report: Marine Mammal Protection Act
of 1972. Washington,. D.C., 1985.
Note:
You may record the publishers' information in any one of the following
formats, as long as you choose one and use it consistently for government
publications throughout the paper:
Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985.
Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1985.
Washington, D.C., 1985.
Washington, 1985.
|
| Technical
report--Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) document
|
N 62.
Robson, Barbara, The Cubans: Their History and Culture
(Washington,
D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, Refugee Service Center,
1996),
22, ERIC, ED 398322.
B Robson,
Barbara. The Cubans: Their History and Culture. Washington,
D.C.:
Center for Applied Linguistics, Refugee Service Center,
1996.
ERIC, ED 398322.
|
| V.
SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS IN NOTES |
|
If you
use the notes/bibliography style of referencing sources, only the first
note reference to a source needs to be complete. Subsequent references
should be shortened. If the first reference is this:
1.
Max Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of BIake (London: Gollancz,
1982), 32.
The next
reference to the same page, with no intervening references, would be:
2.
Ibid.
The next
reference to a different page, with no intervening reference, is:
3.
Ibid., 68.
A subsequent
reference where there has been an intervening reference would be
6.
Plowman, 68.
With an
intervening reference and more than one title by the author, give author's
surname, a brief title, and page number:
6.
Plowman, Study of Blake, 125.
|
| VI.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES |
|
Annotations
need not be in complete sentences, though they should begin with a capital
and end with a period. They begin on the line following the bibliographic
information, and should be indented five spaces.
Thompson,
Oscar, ed. International Cyclopaedia of Music and Musicians. New
York: Dodd, Mead, 1936.
An
admirable work that brings Grove up to date and deals adequately with
contemporary music and American composers.
|
| VII.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES |
| Online
magazine articles
|
N
1. Anthony Perkins, "Netscape? Wake Up and Smell the Java," Wired , Nov.
1995,
< http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.11/money.html>
(7 Aug. 2000).
B
Perkins, Anthony. "Netscape? Wake Up and Smell the Java." Wired, Nov.
1997.
<http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.11/money.html>
(7 Aug 2000)
|
|
Online journal
articles
|
N
1. Nancy Deal, "Getting Teacher Educators Caught
in the Web," THE Journal 26, no. 1 (Aug. 1998), <http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A1994.cfm>
(7 Aug. 2000).
B
Deal, Nancy. "Getting Teacher Educators Caught in the Web," THE Journal
26, no. 1 (Aug. 1998). <http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A1994.cfm>
(7 Aug. 2000).
|
| Article
in a magazine database (such as SIRS or InfoTrac) |
N 1. Dane Lanken, "When the Earth Moves,"
Canadian Geographic, March-April 1996, 66-73,
in MasterFILE Premier [database on-line]; http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html
(Boston, MA.: EBSCO Publishing, accessed 15 April 1998).
B
Lanken, Dane. "When the Earth Moves." Canadian Geographic, March-April
1996, 66-73.
in MasterFILE
Premier [database on-line]; available from http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html
(Boston, MA.: EBSCO Publishing, accessed 15 April 1998).
|
| Personal
site |
N
1. John O’Connor, "Home page," Jan. 2000, <http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~john/>
(7 Aug. 2000)
B
O’Connor, John. "Home page," Jan. 2000, <http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~john/>
(7 Aug. 2000)
|
| Professional
site |
N
1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
NAACP Online, 7 August 2000, <http://www.naacp.org/>
(7 August 2000).
B
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). NAACP
Online, 7 August
2000, <http://www.naacp.org/>
(7 August 2000).
|
| Online
Book |
N
1. Andrew Harnack and Eugene Kleppinger, " Using Chicago Style to Cite
and Document Sources," in Online! A Reference Guide to Internet Resources.
(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html>
(7 Aug. 2000).
B
Harnack, Andrew and Eugene Kleppinger. " Using Chicago Style to Cite and
Document Sources." In Online!
A Reference Guide to Internet Resources. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s,
2000. <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html>
(7 Aug. 2000).
|
|
For more
detailed information on citing electronic sources:
The Chicago
Manual of Style. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Location:
Ref 808 CHI 1993.
Harnack,
Andrew and Eugene Kleppinger. " Using Chicago Style to Cite and Document
Sources." In Online!
A Reference Guide to Internet Resources. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s,
2000. <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html>
(7 Aug. 2000).
Turabian,
Kate. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1996. Location: Ref 808 TUR
1996.
Turabian,
Kate. Student's Guide for Writing College Papers. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1976. Location: 808 TUR 1976
|
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